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Carnosine rejuvenates the skin

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What actually causes wrinkles on the skin?

Aging skin cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, begin to behave abnormally after protein changes and eventually accumulate in human skin. They produce more metalloproteinase-like enzymes that damage proteins in the surrounding extracellular(the matrix in which cells, lymph nodes, blood vessels and other related skin structures are contained).

Aging causes irreversible damage to proteins in the body. The underlying mechanism of this damage is glycation. A simple definition of glycation is the cross-linking of proteins and sugars to form dysfunctional structures in the body. The process of glycation can be superficially seen as unsightly wrinkled skin (1).

Aging cells also produce adhesion molecules that cause blood vessel walls to thicken and stiffen (atherosclerosis). Aging cells produce other degradative enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines that act in distant parts of the body (carried in the blood). Thus, a relatively small number of senescent cells cause large changes in the function and integrity of the skin. Aged cells accumulate in all organs and tissues, where they suffer apoptosis (programmed cell death) and induce degenerative aging processes. In addition, distortion of the microscopic environment by accumulated aging cells may be the reason for the increased incidence of malignant diseases in the elderly.

Dr. Leonard Hayflick demonstrated in 1961 that cells can reach a limited number of cell divisions and then lose their ability to divide. His famous experiments showed that human fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) have the ability to share (divide) 60 to 80 timest, young people’s fibroblasts 30 to 40 times, and older people’s fibroblasts only 10 to 20 times. Carnosine extends the average lifespan of fibroblasts in culture, destroys their transformed (mutagenic) forms, and protects against aldehydes. Carnosine also inhibits, at least under laboratory conditions, protein glycation and the formation of harmful DNA/protein cross-links (2).

A new finding has shown that not only orally administered carnosine is associated with skin rejuvenation, but also topical formulations of carnosine have the potential for an anti-aging effect. Both topical carnosine solution and carnosine-based facial cream have been shown to significantly reduce the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the epidermis and dermis. Since the accumulation of AGEs in the skin results in loss of skin elasticity, firmness, and tone, carnosine is thought to represent a promising substance in the cosmetic industry (3).

An early study in 1986 concluded that carnosine promotes wound healing. The underlying mechanism is probably due to a stimulatory effect on histamine- and beta-alanine-induced collagen synthesis (4). A double-blind placebo-controlled study concluded that carnosine, when applied with Rhodiola rosea, leads to an improvement in skin dryness (5), while in combinedwith urea and arginine, topical application results in improved skin hydration and improved dryness in patients with T2DM (6).

References:

Hipkiss, A.R., Brownson, C., Bertani, M.F., Ruiz, E. and Ferro, A., 2002. Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 959(1), pp.285-294.

McFarland, G.A. and Holliday, R., 1994. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Experimental cell research, 212(2), pp.167-175.

Narda, M., Peno-Mazzarino, L., Krutmann, J., Trullas, C. and Granger, C., 2018. Novel Facial Cream Containing Carnosine Inhibits Formation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in Human Skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 31(6), pp.324-331.

Nagai, K., Suda, T., Kawasaki, K. and Mathuura, S., 1986. Action of carnosine and β-alanine on wound healing. Surgery, 100(5), pp.815-821.

Dieamant, G.D.C., Velazquez Pereda, M.D.C., Eberlin, S., Nogueira, C., Werka, R.M. and Queiroz, M.L.D.S., 2008. Neuroimmunomodulatory compound for sensitive skin care: in vitro and clinical assessment. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 7(2), pp.112-119.

Federici, A., Federici, G. and Milani, M., 2012. An urea, arginine and carnosine based cream (Ureadin Rx Db ISDIN) shows greater efficacy in the treatment of severe xerosis of the feet in Type 2 diabetic patients in comparison with glycerol-based emollient cream. A randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled trial. BMC dermatology, 12(1), p.16.

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