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Prof.RNDr. Katarína Horáková, DrSc. How to have a healthy brain at any age

How to have a healthy brain at any age

Carnosine protects brain cells, preserves cognition

It’s a 100% natural substance. It occurs naturally in the human body, and its highest concentrations have been found in skeletal muscle, the heart, the cerebellum and the cerebrum. It is not found in blood plasma, liver, kidneys and lungs. In terms of chemical composition, it is a dipeptide, that is, it is a small molecule. In the body, it is formed from two amino acids, namely beta-alanine and L-histidine by the enzyme carnosine synthetase. This reaction takes place mainly in the brain and in the muscles. It is also often called a neuropeptide due to its significant protective effect in the brain.

Camosin is a water-soluble antioxidant that stabilizes and protects cell membranes from all reactive oxygen species and prevents the development of oxidative stress. Carnosine works more effectively in cooperation with other biological antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, zinc and selenium, thereby reducing their consumption in the tissues.

It is specific in that, unlike many antioxidants, it prevents lipid peroxidation not only at the “front line”, i.e. before radicals enter the tissues. Once this first line of protection is broken, antioxidant vitamins A, C and E are unable to provide further protection. However, carnosine does not only prevent radicals from entering the body directly. It is unique in that it is also active when free radicals manage to “slip through” the first barrier. These then form dangerous compounds such as lipid peroxides and their secondary products, which carnosisCompared to other antioxidants, carnosine is capable of destroying them, thus protecting the body from the harmful effects of “second wave” substances.

Therefore, carnosine is referred to as a powerful superantioxidant that removes aldehydes and end waste products of metabolism, such as damaged chains of proteins, sugars and phospholipids, while at the same time acting as a key substance in the formation of new more resistant structures.

So far, every drug has been minimally effective against Alzheimer’s disease in slowing the progression of cognitive decline. Carnosine, due to its diverse therapeutic action, is extremely promising.

Alzheimer’s disease is widely the most feared and common neurodegenerative disease. Researchers have found that patients with this disease have lower levels of carnosine in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid than similarly aged adults. It is not yet clear whether this is a cause or a consequence of Alzheimer’s disease, but many interesting observations suggest a role for carnosine in preventing the disease. It prevents the destructive effect of oxidized chemicals, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), which cause cell death in the brain and thus trigger neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

– Alzheimer’s disease is the result of a variety of causes, virtually all of which have some connection to carnosine and its function in the brain, – pointed out expert Alan R. Hipkiss of London’s Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry and summarised the relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and the decline in carnosine levels in the body. A. Hipkiss found:

1. Those parts of the brain in which carnosine is normally found in the highest concentration are the first to be affected by Alzheimer’s disease. This suggests that when carnosine levels decline with age, these areas of the brain are most at risk for Alzheimer’s-related damage.

2. The abnormal plaque-forming protein, beta amyloid, which is seen only in Alzheimer’s-affected brains, is usually full of zinc ions. Carnosine is able to bind zinc to itself and prevent tissue damage from excess zinc. Again a consequence of declining carnosine levels, brain tissue falls victim to an unnatural accumulation of the toxic substance.

3. Finally, Hipkiss notes that the so-called “neurofibrillary tangles” found in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients contain tau proteins that are extensively cross-linked. Carnosine is known to prevent the cross-linking of proteins everywhere in the body, and therefore also in the brain.

The external source of carnosine is the diet, from which absorption is only partial, 30 to 70 percent depending on the presence of other amino acids. Foods with the highest levels of useful dietary dipeptides such as carnosine include animal proteins – eggs, whey protein, poultry and beef, fish. Another external source is taking pure carnosine in the form of a dietary supplement, which has an absorption rate of more than 70 percent.

Almost all carnosine is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine and is then carried by the blood directly to the muscles, heart and brain. Since human plasma does not contain measurable amounts of carnosine, blood tests cannot be used to detect a possible deficiency.

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