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Published in National Center for Biotechnology Information on 10/14/2019, distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
| Action | Clinical implications |
|---|---|
| (1) Increases glutathione synthesis [117]. | This has implications for oxidative stress and detoxification because glutathione is a substrate for both pathways. Glutathione is also an antioxidant in its own right. |
| (2) It inhibits some phase 1 detoxification enzymes that activate chemical carcinogens [118]. | This reduces the level of toxic intermediates with carcinogenic potential. It also allows phase 2 to “keep up” with phase 1 processing. |
| (3) It increases the activity of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. Sulforaphane is considered the most potent of the phase 2 inducing agents [79]. | As a monofunctional inducer, sulforaphane is considered to be an important component of the anticarcinogenic effect of broccoli. |
| (4) It provides significant antioxidant activity, mainly due to its ability to induce glutathione synthesis. | Glutathione is a critical factor in protecting organisms from toxicity and disease [119]. The ability of sulforaphane to regulate glutathione synthesis is very significant. |
| (5) It acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and provides DNA protection [120-122]. | The development of histone deacetylase inhibitors is a key avenue for anticancer drug research. |
| (6) Induces apoptosis, inhibits MMP-2 (metastasis), and inhibits angiogenesis and cell cycle arrest [28, 105, 123, 124] (interacts at multiple levels). | Therapeutic interventions that exhibit several related activities targeting the same underlying defect are considered highly desirable. |
| (7) Limits the pro-inflammatory effects of diesel chemicals by upregulating phase 2 enzymes [125]. | Environmental pollutants are known to contribute to various lung diseases. Removal of toxins reduces the propensity for disease. |
| (8) Induces thioredoxin (Trx) as part of the ARE. | Thioredoxin is involved in cardioprotection by triggering several survival proteins [126]. Sulforaphane may have beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. |
| (9) Bactericidal against Helicobacter pylori and also blocks gastric tumor formation in animals [127]. | Helicobacter is known to contribute to the development of gastric cancer. Elimination of the organism without the use of typical antimicrobial triple therapy could protect the microflora of the colon. |
| (10) Protects dopaminergic cells from cytotoxicity and subsequent neuronal death (cell culture) [128]. | Dopaminergic neurons are associated with Parkinson’s disease. Drugs to treat Parkinsonism are not without risk and the disease is usually not detected until more than 50% of neurons are lost. A chemoprotective tool could prevent premature loss. |
| (11) It increases p-53 (associated with tumor suppression) and the expression of bax proteins, thereby enhancing cellular protection against cancer [129]. | Sulforaphane is an attractive chemotherapeutic agent for tumors with p53 mutations [62]. |
| (12) Limits of aflatoxin action on liver cells [26]. | Interventions that can provide significant protection from environmental and food pollutants could prevent the consequences of these factors. Appropriate doses of sulforaphane-producing agents have yet to be determined. |
| (13) It increases natural killer cell activity and other markers of enhanced immune function [117]. | The immune system is a critical component of the body’s defenses against both inflammatory and infectious diseases. Most diseases benefit from a boost in immune function. |
| (14) Suppresses NF-κB, a key regulator of inflammation [117]. NF-κB expression is downregulated by sulforaphane and as such downregulates inducible pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and NO synthase (iNOS). | As an inhibitor of NF-κB as well as an activator of Nrf2, SF modulates many cancer-related events, returnincluding susceptibility to carcinogens, cell death, cell cycle, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis [117]. |
| (15) Sulforaphane is not a direct antioxidant. Instead, it exhibits a weak pro-oxidant effect [130]. | Because sulforaphane is not directly antioxidant, but exerts its antioxidant effect primarily by inducing glutathionenu and other antioxidant compounds, it is considered to exhibit an indirect antioxidant effect. |
| (16) Potent inducer of HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1). | Hemooxygenase-1 plays an important role in modulating the effects of oxidants in the lung [131]. |
The articles in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity are reproduced here courtesy of Hindawi Limited.
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